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ArticlePedia - Ergativity is Still Alive in Kaingang Language from South Brazil-Part 3
In this part of the present survey, the goal is to clarify the distribution of the case markers in relation to the intransitive sentence. In fact, this series of articles represent an effort to indicate some relevant questions on Kaingang case-marking system.
In what follows, we will examine our sample in view of the theory proposed by Giv?n (2001), which states that the absolutive-ergative case-marking system is “governed by the principle of transitivity”. Surely then, we can pr
In what follows, we will examine our sample in view of the theory proposed by Giv?n (2001), which states that the absolutive-ergative case-marking system is “governed by the principle of transitivity”. Surely then, we can pr
According to USFDA, a combination product is one composed of any combination of a drug and device; biological product and device; drug and biological product
esume that the intransitive subject in Kaingang is marked only by zero (NO marking at all) and/or vỹ. That is to say, the agentive marker t?g is reserved for St. In our view, Kaingang is not an active language. In truth, studies have suggested that generally active systems are related to a pure/canonical case-marking system.
Kaingang: anatomy of a case-marking system
We have so far assumed as a working hypothesis that the postposition v̘
Kaingang: anatomy of a case-marking system
We have so far assumed as a working hypothesis that the postposition v̘
; or drug, device, and biological product and fixed dose combination would include two or more combinations of drug.
Examples of combination products may in
Examples of combination products may in
9; may be considered as a nominative marker since it opposes “subjects” to “objects” (morphologically zero-marked) in Kaingang. Further, we have seen that the postposition t?g tends to mark the St. In other words, t?g rarely follows an NP that is in Si function and never follows an NP that is in O function. Similarly, in Shokleng the postposition t? occurs in transitive sentences, and only occasionally occurs with intransitive verbs (see Henry, 1948:199)
lude drug-coated devices, drugs packaged with delivery devices in medical kits, and drugs and devices packaged separately but intended to be used together.
In this context, it is worthwhile noting that t?g may substitute the NP subject in some Kaingang sentences. These, however, are special cases. On the other hand, the postposition tỹ is the ergative case marker in the Kaingang complex sentences (sentences with multiple clauses) (see Wiesemann, 1986). Finally, it might also be added that the same postposition tỹ expresses instrumental case.
Equally important it is to observe once again that the ob
here is enormous increase in the number of combination products entering the market in the recent years. Combination products have proven advantages but fixe
ject in Kaingang is always unmarked. So that the object may be identified by its position: it always precedes immediately the verb. With the result that the full NP subject never breaks the shell (OV), in short, the subject does not occur between the object and the verb.
The subject postposition vỹ as a nominative case marker: a hypothesis
If this approach is correct, it follows that the marker vỹ creates a dissension within an ergative system b
The subject postposition vỹ as a nominative case marker: a hypothesis
If this approach is correct, it follows that the marker vỹ creates a dissension within an ergative system b
d dose combinations are still in the process of convincing regulatory authority on their advantages over the single ingredient formulations.
Combination pro
Combination pro
sed upon t?g, because vỹ competes with the absolutive marker (zero) typically reserved for the subjects of the lexical intransitive verbs, and for the subjects of the transitive verbs of the split sentences in a classic ergative pattern. As already stated, a solution to this problem is to raise the possibility that Kaingang displays an “impure” tripartite system associated with word order S(O)V.
We have seen that there are three competing nominal markers in ou
We have seen that there are three competing nominal markers in ou
ucts have become life saving products for the pharmaceutical companies who doesn’t have many innovative molecules in their product pipeline and have been inc
r sample, namely: t?g vs. zero vs. vỹ. The relation among the case markers and transitivity is summarized in the following schema:
(a) Vt: t?g - SUBJ; (b) Vt: zero - OBJ/SUBJ; (c) Vt/Vi: vỹ - SUBJ/SUBJ.
That is, the alternation among (a)-(b) indicates that there is an ergative system in Kaingang. On the other hand, the alternation (a)-(c) does not permit to classify the language as a pure ergative type, for vỹ
(a) Vt: t?g - SUBJ; (b) Vt: zero - OBJ/SUBJ; (c) Vt/Vi: vỹ - SUBJ/SUBJ.
That is, the alternation among (a)-(b) indicates that there is an ergative system in Kaingang. On the other hand, the alternation (a)-(c) does not permit to classify the language as a pure ergative type, for vỹ
easingly used in the product life cycle management. Even the companies having product patents are trying to extend their product life cycle through the combi
suggests a nominative system. Finally, the alternation (b)-(c) shows that there is variation in case-marking with intransitive verbs, to wit: marked nominative vs. absolutive (unmarked). Naturally, Kaingang never exhibits the doubly marked ergative-accusative alignment as we can see in a tripartite language like Nez Perce (Penutian) (see Bittner e Hale, 1996).
Vỹ and the intransitive sentence
Now that we have outlined the distribution of case markers and its
Vỹ and the intransitive sentence
Now that we have outlined the distribution of case markers and its
nation products and maximize the revenues. But the companies involved in this practice are overlooking that they are burdening the patients both economically
relation to transitivity, let us see further evidences concerning the use of the postposition vỹ as a nominative marker. The examples bellow will show that the marker vỹ occurs predominantly with Si, irrespective of the kind of the intransitive verb. Accordingly, it will be shown that Kaingang is not an active language. Surely, the reason is that the language does not use a special postposition (agentive) to mark the active/volitional subjects.
In an equ
In an equ
and physically. They need to rightly judge the benefits of the combination products and they have to even look at the risks involved when combining the produ
ational sentence subject and complement are linked by the verb (copula); in fact, both NPs refer to the same person or thing (i.e. the two are “equated” or are “equative”). Note that in Kaing?ng equational sentences display the following formula: S-Complement-V, as we see in sentences such as the following:
1) Krĩnkrĩr vỹ rĩr jẽ. Aragua? NOM-marker awake TO BE. The aragua? [a kind of bird] is awake [alive].
2) Nẽnẽ vỹ
1) Krĩnkrĩr vỹ rĩr jẽ. Aragua? NOM-marker awake TO BE. The aragua? [a kind of bird] is awake [alive].
2) Nẽnẽ vỹ
ts. Some of the combination products were well accepted by physicians while others suffered. Companies involved in development of combination products are fi
kẽj k?k? jẽ. Baby NOM-marker basket inside TO STAND. The baby stands inside the basket.
3) K?t?n vỹ k?r?n jẽ. K?t?n NOM-marker sweaty TO BE. K?t?n [personal name] is sweaty.
Thus, in the structures above with the intransitive verb (copula) jẽ, all three arguments (Si) receive the nominative postposition vỹ.
Now, observe that nĩ also functions as copula (see Mansur Gu?rios 1942:128). Consider
3) K?t?n vỹ k?r?n jẽ. K?t?n NOM-marker sweaty TO BE. K?t?n [personal name] is sweaty.
Thus, in the structures above with the intransitive verb (copula) jẽ, all three arguments (Si) receive the nominative postposition vỹ.
Now, observe that nĩ also functions as copula (see Mansur Gu?rios 1942:128). Consider
ding difficulty in defining their combination products and facing various challenges from selecting a combination to marketing it.
Following aspects would a
Following aspects would a
the following example:
4) K?t?n vỹ kaga nĩ. K?t?n NOM-marker sick TO BE. K?t?n is sick.
Thus, the single argument (K?t?n) in (4) is followed by the nominative marker.
Besides that, there are Kaingang sentences in which the V is the only element of predication, as we can see from the examples such as the following:
5) Kẽj vỹ jẽ. Basket NOM-marker TO BE. There is a basket.
6) Mink? fi vỹ nĩ. Mi
4) K?t?n vỹ kaga nĩ. K?t?n NOM-marker sick TO BE. K?t?n is sick.
Thus, the single argument (K?t?n) in (4) is followed by the nominative marker.
Besides that, there are Kaingang sentences in which the V is the only element of predication, as we can see from the examples such as the following:
5) Kẽj vỹ jẽ. Basket NOM-marker TO BE. There is a basket.
6) Mink? fi vỹ nĩ. Mi
dd to the challenges in developing combination products:
Which markets to tap where the combination products can do fairly well?
Which combination prod
Which markets to tap where the combination products can do fairly well?
Which combination prod
nk? FEM-marker NOM-marker TO BE. Mink? [personal name] is [there].
7) Kẽgrẽnh vỹ jẽ. Irara NOM-marker TO BE. There is an irara [a little mammal that eats honey].
As we can see, in sentences of this type the nominative marker vỹ is still present.
On the other hand, in (8) and (9) the marker vỹ could be omitted:
8) P?po t?nh vẽ. Frog NOM-Zero green TO BE. The frog is green.
9) Ka fej kus&
7) Kẽgrẽnh vỹ jẽ. Irara NOM-marker TO BE. There is an irara [a little mammal that eats honey].
As we can see, in sentences of this type the nominative marker vỹ is still present.
On the other hand, in (8) and (9) the marker vỹ could be omitted:
8) P?po t?nh vẽ. Frog NOM-Zero green TO BE. The frog is green.
9) Ka fej kus&
cts are meaningful and rational?
Which therapeutic categories to select?
Which Combinations can address unmet needs of the patients?
Do combin
Which therapeutic categories to select?
Which Combinations can address unmet needs of the patients?
Do combin
361;g vẽ. Flower NOM-Zero red TO BE. The flower is red.
With respect to (8) and (9), with constituent order SV, the full NP subjects (p?po, ka fej) can occur without the marker vỹ, if the copula is vẽ.
Let us turn finally to the full lexical intransitive verbs (Vi). As already noted, there are two classes of intransitive verbs: stative (neutral) (also known as unaccusative) and active (also known as unergativ
With respect to (8) and (9), with constituent order SV, the full NP subjects (p?po, ka fej) can occur without the marker vỹ, if the copula is vẽ.
Let us turn finally to the full lexical intransitive verbs (Vi). As already noted, there are two classes of intransitive verbs: stative (neutral) (also known as unaccusative) and active (also known as unergativ
tions increase the patient compliance?
What would be the developing cost?
How to tackle the risks encountered during combination product developmen
What would be the developing cost?
How to tackle the risks encountered during combination product developmen
e). It should be noted, however, that there are alternative classifications to this fundamental distinction. In general, ACTIVE predicates (verbs) describe willed or volitional acts and involuntary bodily processes, whereas STATIVE predicates involve states of existing and happening, and non-volitional acts. Recall that active languages use a special marker (agentive) to identify the agentive/volitional subject.
The following are instances of stative verbs:
10) R? vỹ ga
The following are instances of stative verbs:
10) R? vỹ ga
t?
As combination products don't fit into the traditional categories of drugs, medical devices, or biological products, the USFDA is in the process of devel
As combination products don't fit into the traditional categories of drugs, medical devices, or biological products, the USFDA is in the process of devel
kar kri rarĩn tĩ. Sun NOM-marker earth all above TO SHINE HAB-asp. The sun shines everywhere.
11) Goj vỹ var mũ. River NOM-marker TO FILL PROGR-asp. The river is filling [now].
As is clear from the examples in (10) and (11), in stative structures the Si is marked by the nominative postposition vỹ.
Now, let us see how the Kaingang subject marking behaves in relation to active predicates. Consider the sentences bellow:
1
11) Goj vỹ var mũ. River NOM-marker TO FILL PROGR-asp. The river is filling [now].
As is clear from the examples in (10) and (11), in stative structures the Si is marked by the nominative postposition vỹ.
Now, let us see how the Kaingang subject marking behaves in relation to active predicates. Consider the sentences bellow:
1
ping new procedures for reviewing their safety, efficacy and quality.
Professional from academic institutions, pharmaceutical industries, health care indust
Professional from academic institutions, pharmaceutical industries, health care indust
2) Krĩnkrĩr vỹ krẽg tĩ. Aragua? NOM-marker TO LAY [eggs] HAB-asp. The aragua? lays [eggs].
13) Pipỹm vỹ tẽ tĩ. Pav? NOM-marker TO FLY HAB-asp. The pav? [a kind of bird] flies.
14) Monh vỹ r?rĩr mĩ kanhir. Ox NOM-marker sun on TO PLAY. The ox plays on sunlight.
Clearly then, in constructions with active predicates the subject case-marking is still nominative. In other word
13) Pipỹm vỹ tẽ tĩ. Pav? NOM-marker TO FLY HAB-asp. The pav? [a kind of bird] flies.
14) Monh vỹ r?rĩr mĩ kanhir. Ox NOM-marker sun on TO PLAY. The ox plays on sunlight.
Clearly then, in constructions with active predicates the subject case-marking is still nominative. In other word
y and representatives from various regulatory agencies are working out to design the regulatory requirements for manufacture and sale of combination products
s, there is no special marker (active/agentive) used to identify the active Si in Kaingang.
The conclusion that we can draw from the description attempted here is that Kaingang is not an active ergative language since it displays the same nominative marker (vỹ) in all kinds of intransitive constructions. To clarify further, with intransitive verbs the sole participant (the only argument S/Si) do not receive the same agentive marker as the subject of transitive verbs.
The conclusion that we can draw from the description attempted here is that Kaingang is not an active ergative language since it displays the same nominative marker (vỹ) in all kinds of intransitive constructions. To clarify further, with intransitive verbs the sole participant (the only argument S/Si) do not receive the same agentive marker as the subject of transitive verbs.
.
As there is an increasing trend of the combination products companies manufacturing such products should be able to tackle the problems involved in the de
As there is an increasing trend of the combination products companies manufacturing such products should be able to tackle the problems involved in the de
In a word, this seems to be the behavior in regular ergative patterns.
To sum up, Giv?n's statement (2001) that the likelihood of the ergative marking is higher when the agent is at the top of the transitivity hierarchy is accurate at least in Kaingang simple clauses with word order S(O)V. Besides that, the data in this series appear to confirm that the unity of the absolutive grouping (Si/O=Zero) is not a necessary feature of ergative languages (see also Giv?n, 2001).
The next
To sum up, Giv?n's statement (2001) that the likelihood of the ergative marking is higher when the agent is at the top of the transitivity hierarchy is accurate at least in Kaingang simple clauses with word order S(O)V. Besides that, the data in this series appear to confirm that the unity of the absolutive grouping (Si/O=Zero) is not a necessary feature of ergative languages (see also Giv?n, 2001).
The next
elopment. They need to be wiser in analyzing the market trends and the regulatory requirements.
Companies that provide selfless information through particip
Companies that provide selfless information through particip
article deals with Kaingang verbal morphology and ergative agreement.
References
Bittner, Maria; Hale, Ken. 1996. The structural determination of Case and Agreement. Linguistic Inquiry 27, 1:1-68.
Giv?n, T. 2001. Syntax. Amsterdam/Philadelphia: John Benjamins.
Henry, Jules. 1948. The Kaingang language. IJAL xiv, no. 3: 194-204.
Wiesemann, Ursula. 1986. The pronoun systems of some Je and Macro-Je languages. --- [ed.] Pronominal Systems. T?bingen: Gunter Narr. p. 359-380
References
Bittner, Maria; Hale, Ken. 1996. The structural determination of Case and Agreement. Linguistic Inquiry 27, 1:1-68.
Giv?n, T. 2001. Syntax. Amsterdam/Philadelphia: John Benjamins.
Henry, Jules. 1948. The Kaingang language. IJAL xiv, no. 3: 194-204.
Wiesemann, Ursula. 1986. The pronoun systems of some Je and Macro-Je languages. --- [ed.] Pronominal Systems. T?bingen: Gunter Narr. p. 359-380
tion in industry events and feedback to regulatory authorities would be able to face the challenges and will be successful in developing combination products
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